Baghdad Museum

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The troops of the dreaded Hulagu Khan , grand-son of Genghis Khan , the besieged capital of Islam since January 20. They give the final assault on 10 February killing anyone trying to escape. The whole city is disarmed. Hulagu Khan requires all residents out of Baghdad and massacred. The caliph Al Musta’simi be killed himself on 20, wrapped in a bag sewn and pressed by the feet of horses Mongolian . He was the last sultan of the dynasty of Abbasids .

Sultan Beg Toghroul is recognized in Baghdad
Belonging to the Sunni Seljuk Turkish dynasty, which already reigns on Persia , Toghroul beg seized Baghdad and is recognized Sultan by the Abbasid caliph. In 1038, he had seized power from Nishapur, before coming to the end of the dynasty Buyid. Subsequently, the Seljuks form a vast empire Sunni Muslim, extending to Asia Minor and Syria from the Fatimids . From 1092, the territory will be divided up by partitions estate, the Frankish presence and revolts local.
See also: Abbasid – History of Baghdad – Sunni – Seljuks – History of Islam

Abu al-Abbas al-Saffa brings up the dynasty of Abbasids . Descendant of Abbas, a wealthy merchant converted to Islam in 629 and uncle of Muhammad , he managed to overthrow the Umayyads . From 749, it will be the first caliph of a dynasty which reigned until 1258. His successor will establish the capital of the empire Muslim Baghdad , Iraq. During their reign, the Abbasids will face many autonomous communities, the rebellions Shiites. Often, the Caliphs Abbasid power will exercise that vote.
See also: Mahomet – Abbasid – History of Baghdad – Shiites – Umayyad – History of Islam

In the major cities of Mesopotamia, the modern visitor can see the huge buildings that look like tall towers. Some of these buildings still stand proudly at a height of several tens of meters. Others, ravaged by time, are more than monstrous shapeless masses, others have phantasmagoric aspects that inspire awe and mystery.

These abandoned buildings for over two thousand years are called “Ziggurat”. The ziggurats are a feature of Mesopotamian architecture.
Why do they have the Mesopotamians built ziggurats?

Nobody can answer that question with certainty. No source does Mesopotamian ziggurats function. No more ziggurat was found whole, it still lacks the summit. Unlike the pyramids of Egypt, the ziggurats jealously guard their secret.

And the Tower of Babel?

The most famous is the ziggurats of Babylon . Through the story Genesis 11 , his memory has survived. In the Bible, she was named “Tower of Babel.” The story of Genesis tells us that time when men spoke the same language, they said: “Let us build us a city and a tower whose top will reach the sky.”

Thus the Bible, the builders of the ziggurat of Babylon were just pretentious who wanted to reach heaven. What is it really?

The Mesopotamians are really pretentious? Why did they built the ziggurats? Was there at the top of the temple ziggurats? Are we practicing the sacred marriage ? These two cases-investigations give you all the information available. They will present the archaeological and epigraphic sources, they do not give you a solution. Answers are at the end of this document. Before the visit, read these two files and get your own idea.

During antiquity, Mesopotamia was the cradle of a flourishing civilization. Inventors of the wheel and writing, the Mesopotamians also built cities which are among the oldest of humanity. Some of them, like Ur, still live in our memory. However, the first systematic excavations at Mesopotamian sites did not start until the middle of last century.

The first city to be searched systematically Sharrukin was hard, the capital founded by Sargon II (721-705 BC.). Believing he had discovered Nineveh, Paul-Emile Botta , Consul of France in Mosul, was the first who worked on this site. From 1843 to 1844, Botta sent the documents he had discovered to France. On 1 May 1847, King Louis Philippe inaugurated the Museum Assyrian with these objects (including bas-reliefs and human-headed bulls ). For the first time in Europe, the Assyrian antiquities were displayed, and thanks to them, the world discovered the existence of Assyrian art. Currently, these objects are exhibited in the Louvre Museum in the Richelieu wing.

It was not until the decipherment of Akkadian by Henry Creswick Rawlinson in 1850 in order to identify these cities. Archaeologists knew the names of cities, so they were trying to escape. City mentioned in the Bible as Ur and Babylon, became realities.

Despite these amazing discoveries, Mesopotamia more surprises in store … Prior to December 3, 1872, it was blasphemous to say that God did not inspire all the words of the Bible. Everything would change that day in December. Before the Society of Biblical Archaeology, London, George Smith announced the existence of a text narrating a flood, and whose course was almost identical to that of Genesis. But this text discovered at Nineveh was a thousand years older than the Bible. It was not written in Hebrew, but in Akkadian. We asked many questions including: “Did God really inspired the writers of the Bible?” Or “The Bible writers were they copied from older texts?” … The emotion was so great that the confusion !

It was therefore in an atmosphere of intellectual ferment in the mid-nineteenth century, the sites of Mesopotamia were identified and searched for the first time. One hundred fifty years later, some of them have only been partially excavated. Moreover, an estimated one million the number of tablets stored in museums, about half have been translated. The work that remains to be done is daunting and Mesopotamia for years to keep its secrets yet.

Called “cuneiform”, a writing whose characters are the forms were wedge or nail. The first document written in cuneiform inscription Babylonian was brought to Europe by botanist A. Michaux. This is a kudurru called ” the stone Michaux .

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In the mid-nineteenth century, Henry Creswick Rawlinson was the first to decipher a text Akkadian . He began deciphering the Akkadian in 1833 for completion in 1845. He managed this amazing feat by a trilingual inscription engraved on the rock of Behistun (Iran).

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The earliest texts of humanity have been discovered in the ancient city of Uruk, in southern Iraq.

HOW IS BORN WRITING? Who invented it?
What is this spherical object is a bubble-envelope dated Fourth BCE. Writing is created in stages; the bulla is the first of these steps. Explanations: the writing is born in stages.
The first traces of writing are clay tablets that are inscribed with pictographs. It is very difficult to read these texts, however, we know that this is not a poem or religious text, or even love letters. These tablets are accounts. The writing would be born to the economic needs!

The earliest tablets were discovered in the temple of Inanna at Uruk , they atenta to about 3300 BC These tablets are certainly written in Sumerian. The inventors of writing, would be the Sumerians.
These early tablets are written in a writing pictographic . With pictographs, one can write very basic texts, such as accounting records. But it is impossible to write complex texts such as myths or treaties divination. The Sumerians invented for other signs permettrent to write their language in its entirety, that is to say, write all the sounds of the words they heard.

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Cuneiform writing: instructions
At the end of IV millennium, the Sumerians had invented a complex system that consisted of different types of signs:

1) pictograms

2) ideograms

3) of Phonograms

4) of determinative

5) Add-phonetic

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Pictograms, ideograms, phonograms, phonetic determinative and additions, thanks to all of these signs, it is possible to write everything: accounting records or letters of love!

Our modern world would not exist without writing. Yet writing is one of the oldest inventions of man. She was born in the fourth millennium in the land of Sumer (Currently in southern Iraq). There are over 5000 years, the inhabitants of a country dish and desert – where two rivers flow in flood capricious and violent – had sealed the fate of humanity: people write …

Another people lived with the Sumerians: the Akkadians . They adopted this writing system. The Akkadians spoke a Semitic language of origin as Arabic or Hebrew. Later Akkadian will split into two main dialects: Babylon (south) and Assyrian (north).

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The first two languages to use this system are the Sumerians and Akkadians. For hundreds of years, the scribes of Mesopotamia in Sumerian texts drafted and Akkadian. Sumerian ceased to be mentioned at the beginning of the second millennium, however, the Akkadian scribes continued to copy and even write in Sumerian. Sumerian was used only for certain specific texts.

Sumerian Akkadian became for a little what was the Latin for French.

AFTER THE THEORY IN PRACTICE:

1) A LITTLE GAME

You understand how the Sumerians wrote. We could use their system to write text in another language. Here is a sentence written in French, it was built using pictograms, ideograms, phonograms, or determiners.’s Up to you to do the translation!

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2) A FEW WORDS IN SUMERIAN

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3) SOME EXAMPLES

A sentence in Akkadian

An inscription on brick, Sumerian

Excerpts from the Code of King Hammurabi

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4) IN 10 YEARS THE SUMERIAN

Do not hesitate, learn Sumerian!

Mesopotamia is a term derived from Greek and means “between rivers”. These rivers are the Tigris and Euphrates. Currently, most of Mesopotamia is located in the Republic of Iraq.

human-headed bull, first millennium,
Kalkhu, Assyria, Iraq
In the fourth millennium BC the first written records of humanity appeared in southern Mesopotamia. By inventing writing and the wheel, the Sumerians had created the beginnings of our civilization. The history of Mesopotamia mingles so the origins of our modern world.

With the invasion of Persia in the seventh century BC, this civilization will disappear. Gradually, her proud and powerful city returned to clay. Mesopotamian cities collapsed upon themselves to become nothing more than shapeless hills, only visual evidence of what was once a brilliant civilization.

In the fourth millennium BC the first written records of humanity appeared in southern Mesopotamia. By inventing writing and the wheel, the Sumerians had created the beginnings of our civilization. The history of Mesopotamia mingles so the origins of our modern world.

With the invasion of Persia in the seventh century BC, this civilization will disappear. Gradually, her proud and powerful city returned to clay. Mesopotamian cities collapsed upon themselves to become nothing more than shapeless hills, only visual evidence of what was once a brilliant civilization.